阅读理解

　　Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltests,whicharewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,assigningorpromotingstudents,employeesandmilitarypersonnel,havebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrong,for,inattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.

　　Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

　　Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext:theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheempiricalevidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

　　Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefined(forexample,abilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogram)andleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined,forexample,personalityorcreativity.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized.

　　1.Inthispassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith_________.

　　A.thenecessityofstandardizedtests

　　B.thevalidityofstandardizedtests

　　C.themethodusedininterpretingtheresultsofstandardizedtests.

　　D.thetheoreticalgroundsofstandardizedtests.

　　2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.

　　A.standardizedtestsshouldnolongerbeused.

　　B.resultsofstandardizedtestsaccuratelyreflecttheabilitiesofthetestees

　　C.thevalueofstandardizedtestsliesintheirproperinterpretation

　　D.specialmethodsmustbeappliedtotheresultofstandardizedtests.

　　3.Theword“empirical”(Line6,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“___________”

　　A.theoretical

　　B.critical

　　C.indisputable

　　D.experiential

　　4.Accordingtothepassage,standardizedtestsworkworkmosteffectivelywhen____________.

　　A.theuserknowshowtointerprettheresultsinadvance.

　　B.theobjectivesaremostclearlydefined.

　　C.thepersonswhotakethetestareintelligentorskillful.

　　D.theymeasurethetraitsorqualitiesofthetests

　　5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstandardizedtestscouldbedescribedas_______.

　　A.positive

　　B.critical

　　C.prejudiced

　　D.indifferent.

　　参考答案

　　阅读理解

　　1.D　2.D　3.D　4.B　5.A